Christmas Elsewhere

A country-by-country atlas of how Christmas is actually kept

A huge illuminated Christmas tree standing on the water at night, seen from across the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas in Rio de Janeiro. The tree is a tall tapering steel frame outlined in warm golden lights, hung with large white star shapes and topped by a pale blue star, mounted on a dark floating platform at the left of the frame. Two searchlight beams angle up and outward from its base into a low overcast sky. Along the far shore the lit windows and street lamps of apartment blocks run from the centre of the picture to the right, and the dark bulk of a forested hill rises behind them at the right-hand edge. The lagoon fills the lower third, black and faintly rippled, carrying a long golden reflection of the tree and shorter broken reflections of the shore lights. No people are visible.
Leandro Neumann Ciuffo · CC BY 2.0

All countdowns · South America

Christmas in Brazil

Christmas falls on
25 DecemberGregorian calendar
How it is kept
A public holiday
Who brings the presents
Papai Noelarrives 24 December
—days
—hrs
—min
—sec

Next: Friday 25 December 2026

How to say it

  • Feliz Natal

    say it: feh-LEESS nah-TOW

    A synthesised voice — not a recording of a person — saying Feliz Natal in pt-BR.

    Plain, universal and unceremonious — the ordinary thing one Brazilian says to another in December. «Natal» is the feast; it is also, on its own, the word for a birth, which is why the city founded on Christmas Day 1599 is called Natal and why a search for one finds the other. The respelling is for a Brazilian mouth rather than a Portuguese one: final -al closes to a w, so Natal is «nah-TOW», not «nah-TAL».

    Feliz Natal — Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary)

Who brings the presents

Papai Noel

Papai Noel — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

How Christmas is kept

A large fibreglass snowman sitting on a bank of vivid green grass in hard midday sunshine. He wears a black top hat with a red band, a blue and yellow scarf, a red and white coat with yellow buttons and green mittens, and he has a carrot nose and black boots; one arm is raised in a wave. The grass around him is lush and freshly cut, and the sun throws sharp tree shadows across it. Behind him stand artificial blossom trees, one bright pink and one white, and beyond those are real tropical trees in full leaf, a red and white candy-cane pole, and a row of small shopfronts along an ordinary street with cars parked outside, including a red hatchback at the right. The sky above is deep blue with white cloud. A second, smaller figure in a bowler hat sits further back at the left. A few people are visible at a distance on the pavement and near the shops, and one figure stands partly cropped at the extreme left edge. Nothing in the picture is cold.
Minerva97 · CC0

The feast is in high summer, and everything about it bends to that

Brazil keeps Christmas three or four days into summer. The austral summer solstice falls around 21 December, so where a European Christmas sits just inside the shortest days of the year, a Brazilian one sits just inside the longest — same date, same church, opposite ends of the earth's tilt. It is not a footnote to the celebration; it is the shape of it. The supper waits until the heat has gone out of the day and then runs past midnight. The tree is plastic because there are no firs. The iconography — the snow, the pine, the fur-trimmed coat, the robin — arrived from a hemisphere where December means darkness, and is kept in a country where it means the beach.

Verão — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

The ceia is on the night of the 24th and crosses midnight

The meal is the event, and it is not a lunch on the 25th. The ceia de Natal is served late on Christmas Eve — commonly around ten or eleven at night — so that the family is at the table when the 24th becomes the 25th. Presents are opened at midnight, not in the morning. What is on it is a layered thing. Roast turkey or a Chester; salt cod; farofa, the toasted cassava-flour dish that goes beside almost everything Brazilian; fresh fruit; rabanada for afterwards. The Portuguese inheritance, the African inheritance and the twentieth-century supermarket are all on one table at once, and nobody thinks of them as separate.

Observance of Christmas by country — Brazil — English Wikipedia

Missa do Galo — the cockerel's mass, which no longer happens at the cockerel's hour

Midnight mass on Christmas Eve is the Missa do Galo, the Mass of the Cock. The name belongs to the Latin countries — Portugal, Spain, France and Brazil — and the explanations for it are legends rather than history: that a cock crowed extraordinarily at midnight to announce the Messiah, or, in a Toledo version, that farmers killed a cock before the midnight vigil. The quiet modern joke is that the mass has moved. With the congregation at the ceia and in no hurry to leave it, priests in Brazil have brought the service forward to six, seven or eight in the evening of the 24th — so the Mass of the Cock is now commonly said while it is still light, hours before any cock would crow.

Missa do Galo — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

Amigo oculto — the draw that is the office Christmas, and half the country calls it something else

Before the family supper there is the workplace and the extended family, and for those there is the amigo oculto: everyone's name into a hat, each person draws one, keeps it secret, and buys for that person alone. A price ceiling is agreed in advance so that nobody is embarrassed in either direction. The name is regional and the variants are used interchangeably across the country: amigo secreto, amigo oculto, amigo X, amigo invisível. The etymology is tidy — Latin *amicus*, friend, and *secretum*, set apart, hidden — and the same root gives Portuguese its word for a secretary, a person whose job description is keeping things to themselves.

Amigo secreto — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

A nativity scene made entirely out of dried gourds, lit from within and displayed in a glass case against a pale green back wall. Every figure is a bottle gourd stood on its rounded base, with small bead eyes set into the shell and little else by way of a face. At the centre a tall pale gourd wears a long white veil and is lit from inside so that it glows; beside it a darker gourd in a wide straw hat holds a staff and a cupped yellow hand. Between them, low in the straw, a small split gourd stands in for the manger. The surrounding figures wear improvised headgear — a straw brim, a wrapped turban, a tin crown, a black top hat, a wisp of white wool for a beard — and three more gourd groups sit on a shelf behind. The whole arrangement is bedded in loose yellow straw that fills the bottom third of the frame. No people are in the picture.
Vagner Carvalheiro · CC BY 2.0

The presépio, which outnumbers the tree

The nativity scene is set up in houses, churches, squares and shopping centres, and in a great many Brazilian homes it is the principal decoration rather than an accompaniment to the tree. The form descends from the living nativity attributed to Francis of Assisi at Greccio in 1223, carried to Brazil by the Portuguese and then built upon.

Presépio — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

Four older men performing as a Folia de Reis company, photographed from low down on a polished wooden stage so that the camera looks up at them. All four wear white shirts and white trousers with the cuffs turned up, white caps, and broad satin sashes worn diagonally across the chest — blue on the man at the left, red and yellow on the others. Heavy black belts, bright neckerchiefs and strings of large brass bells strapped below each knee complete the costume; on their feet, incongruously, are canvas basketball boots. Two of them hold up flat wooden clappers and one grips a tall pole. Behind them hangs a large green printed banner reading ENCONTRO DE SABERES, and beyond it are stacking chairs, a table with a water bottle, and a few seated people watching from the right-hand edge of the frame. The faces of at least two of the performers are sharp and fully visible.
Pedro França / Ministério da Cultura · CC BY 2.0

Folia de Reis — the Christmas season does not end until 6 January

In the interior, and in small towns across much of the country, companies of singers and players go from house to house between Christmas and Epiphany. They carry a banner, they sing verses — religious, or comic, or both — they are given food and drink and coins, and they move on. The clowns of the group wear masks and carry staves, mark the banner's arrival and departure with a whistle, and collect coins thrown on the ground in front of them. It is the Adoration of the Magi, kept as a travelling house-visit rather than a service, and it ends on the Dia de Reis, 6 January.

Folia de Reis — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

What is eaten

Chester

The bird at the centre of a great many Brazilian Christmas tables is not a species. Chester is a registered trademark, owned by one company, applied to a chicken bred so that the breast and thighs carry about seventy per cent of the meat — and the name is simply the English word *chest* with *-er* on the end. It is sold for Christmas and very largely only for Christmas. The brand's own site runs a *Calculadora de Ceia* — a supper calculator, to work out how much bird a given number of guests requires — beside its Christmas recipes and its table-decoration ideas. A product invented by a food company has become the thing a Brazilian family expects to find at the centre of the table on the night of the 24th, which is a thing that has happened in exactly one other country on this site.

Bruster, chester, peru e outros nomes — Ari Riboldi, for the Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre (Natal Portoweb)

A close, slightly soft photograph of three rabanadas on a bright yellow plate. Each is a thick oval slice of bread, deep-fried to a mottled gold and reddish brown, with the crust showing darker along one edge, and all three are dusted generously with granulated cinnamon sugar that catches the light. They overlap one another in a loose row across the middle of the frame. Behind them at the top left lie several slices of plain untoasted white bread waiting to be used, and at the top right the end of a rolled, layered pastry. A scatter of loose sugar lies on the plate beside the nearest slice. No people are in the picture.
Melsj · CC0

Rabanada

Stale bread, soaked in milk or wine or sugar syrup, turned in beaten egg, fried, and finished with cinnamon sugar. It is the Christmas dessert, and it came from Portugal, where the same thing sits on the consoada table on Christmas Eve. Brazil then did something to it that Portugal does not: after frying, the slice is dipped again — in fruit juice, or in condensed milk. Portuguese Wikipedia records the difference in one clause, and it is the clearest small example on this page of a colonial dish being kept and then altered.

Rabanada — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

Three loaves of raw chocotone dough resting on a worn wooden board on a dark wooden table, photographed from just above the table edge with the background thrown out of focus. The dough is pale cream and slack, slumping gently under its own weight, and is packed with irregular chunks of dark chocolate that break the surface all over — some pressed flat, some standing proud at the cut ends. The nearest loaf is whole and rounded; behind it two more are pushed together, with a small slip of white paper tucked between them. Nothing is baked yet and there is no tin, no icing and no wrapper. No people are in the picture.
Pedro Angelini from São Paulo, Brasil · CC BY 2.0

Panetone

A Milanese Christmas bread, eaten across Brazil, and it arrived with people rather than with an empire. Italian immigrants crossed to South America between the end of the nineteenth century and the middle of the twentieth; the first company to make and sell panettone in Brazil was Bauducco, founded by the Italian-Brazilian Carlo Bauducco, which began production in the mid-1950s and did more than anyone to put it in every supermarket in the country. The chocolate version, the chocotone, is a Brazilian invention of the same house.

Panetone — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

What people get wrong

Widely repeated claims about Christmas in Brazil that do not survive checking. Each one says what is actually the case, because a correction with nothing in its place leaves you worse off than before.

Oversimplified

A chester is a kind of bird, like a turkey or a goose.

What is actually the case. It is a trademark. Chester is a brand name owned by one food company, applied to a chicken bred so that the breast and thighs carry about seventy per cent of the meat, and the company sells it exclusively. The word is English — *chest*, plus *-er* — and was coined for the product. The «oversimplified» rather than «false» verdict is deliberate and the distinction is the interesting part: there IS a real bird under the trademark, and it is a real chicken, so somebody buying a chester is not being sold a fiction. What is not true is the thing most people assume, which is that it names a species the way peru and pato do. It names a product.

Bruster, chester, peru e outros nomes — Ari Riboldi, for the Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre (Natal Portoweb)

Contested

The Folia de Reis was brought to Brazil by the Jesuits in 1559.

What is actually the case. The same reference work gives two accounts and does not choose between them. One says the Reis festivities were introduced by the Jesuits around 1559, after the arrival of Tomé de Sousa as the first Governor-General, as song, dance and staging used in catechism and teaching. The other, a few lines later, puts the origin of the Folia de Reis as a popular practice at the end of the EIGHTEENTH century, beginning on the coastal sugar mills and cattle ranches and moving inland afterwards. Those are two centuries apart and they are not obviously the same claim — one is about a missionary method, the other about a folk practice. The article also records that the deeper origin is «controversa e plural», with researchers finding European references and, explicitly without proof, African ones. So: the 1559 date is in the literature, it is not the only date in the literature, and anybody repeating it alone is repeating half a source.

Folia de Reis — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

Worth knowing

Brazil has a Papai Noel in green. A version of him dressed in green rather than red became popular through television advertising for the soft drink Dolly, alongside its mascot Dollynho, from the 2000s onward — recoloured to the green and yellow of the Brazilian flag, as a kind of patriotism. He is a soft-drink company's character and he is widely recognised, which makes Brazil one of the few countries to have produced a nationally known alternative Santa and done it through an advertising campaign.

Papai Noel — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

Brazilian workers are paid a Christmas bonus by law, and it is called one. The décimo terceiro salário — the thirteenth salary, also known as the gratificação natalina — was created under João Goulart by Lei 4.090 of 13 July 1962 and regulated by Decreto 57.155 of 3 November 1965. It is one twelfth of a month's pay for each month worked, paid in up to two instalments before the year ends, and calculated against December. An entire country's December spending is underwritten by a statute, which is why Christmas commerce in Brazil has a shape that nothing in the northern hemisphere quite matches.

Décimo terceiro salário — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

There is a Brazilian city called Christmas, founded on Christmas Day, which the Dutch renamed New Amsterdam. Natal, now the capital of Rio Grande do Norte, was founded on the Natal of 1599 on the banks of the Potengi, and was held by the Dutch from 1633 to 1654, during which it was called Nova Amsterdã. There is also a municipality in Mato Grosso called Feliz Natal — Merry Christmas — so the greeting on this page is, in Brazil, also a place you can drive to.

Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

The side dish on the Christmas table has an African name. Farofa — toasted cassava or maize flour, turned in fat or butter, with whatever else the cook adds — takes its name from the Kimbundu *falofa*, from the Bantu language of what is now Angola. Cassava itself is indigenous to the Americas and was eaten here long before any Portuguese ship arrived. The dish is therefore an Indigenous staple, prepared by a method and under a name carried across the Atlantic by enslaved Angolans, served at a Portuguese Catholic feast, beside a bird invented by a food company in the twentieth century.

Farofa — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

Brazilian Christmas pop is barely thirty years old. Portuguese Wikipedia dates the commercial arrival of the Brazilian Christmas album to the 1990s and to one record — Simone's *25 de Dezembro* — quoting a contemporary line that she «quebrou um tabu», broke a taboo, because unlike in the United States and Europe, Brazilian singers did not release Christmas records in December. The international standards were translated and are enormously streamed, especially in children's versions; the home-grown catalogue is recent.

Natal — Wikipédia (Portuguese)

The turkey is named after the wrong country, and so is the Portuguese word for it. English speakers call the bird a turkey because it was thought to have come through Turkey. The Portuguese called it a peru because they believed it came from Peru — at a time when Peru stood in Portuguese usage for Spanish America generally. Both are wrong by the same kind of error: the bird is from Mexico and what is now the United States, and it reached Europe from neither Turkey nor Peru.

Bruster, chester, peru e outros nomes — Ari Riboldi, for the Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre (Natal Portoweb)

Sources

Every claim on this page carries its own citation. They are collected here so you can see what this page is built on, and how much of it comes from where.

  1. Bruster, chester, peru e outros nomes — Ari Riboldi, for the Prefeitura Municipal de Porto Alegre (Natal Portoweb). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«Chester — Espécie de galinha que apresenta um desenvolvimento do peito e das coxas bem mais que outras aves… Constitui-se, inclusive, em marca patenteada, por empresa do ramo, que desenvolveu a experiência exitosa e comercializa o produto com exclusividade. Termo do inglês chest, peito, mais o sufixo er… o peito e as coxas concentram setenta por cento da carne da ave.» A city-government page, which is a reasonable authority on the vocabulary and not a technical one on the animal — see the correction below about what this source says and what this record declines to repeat. The Calculadora de Ceia and the Christmas marketing are from the trademark holder's own site, perdigao.com.br/chester, retrieved the same day: the company is a primary source about its own product and about nothing else.
  2. Observance of Christmas by country — Brazil — English Wikipedia. Retrieved 2026-10-11.«As in many other countries, Christmas dinner in Brazil is typically served late on Christmas Eve, around 10 or 11 p.m. The meal often includes farofa stuffing, an assortment of fruit, fried cod, and roast turkey, with a dessert called rabanada… Typically, after they eat, many Brazilians attend Midnight Mass.» THE WHOLE OF IT IS 909 CHARACTERS. See research.languages — this is the English-language encyclopaedia's complete account of Christmas in a country of two hundred million people, and it is a section inside an article about every country on earth.
  3. Lei nº 662, de 6 de abril de 1949 — Declara feriados nacionais os dias 1º de janeiro, 1º de maio, 7 de setembro, 15 de novembro e 25 de dezembro — Presidência da República, Casa Civil, Subchefia para Assuntos Jurídicos. Retrieved 2026-10-11.The statute itself, on the Presidency's own site. «Art. 1º São feriados nacionais os dias 1º de janeiro, 1º de maio, 7 de setembro, 15 de novembro e 25 de dezembro», amended by Lei nº 10.607 de 19.12.2002 to add 21 de abril and 2 de novembro. Signed by Eurico G. Dutra at Rio de Janeiro on 6 April 1949 — Rio, because Brasília did not exist for another eleven years — and published in the Diário Oficial da União of 13 April 1949. Article 2 is worth reading beside Article 1 and is quoted on the page: «Só serão permitidas, nos feriados nacionais, atividades privadas e administrativas absolutamente indispensáveis.» Only absolutely indispensable private and administrative activity is permitted on a national holiday. Not a sentiment — a prohibition.
  4. Feliz Natal — Wikcionário (Portuguese Wiktionary). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«saudação festiva e/ou fraternal que se dá na época do Natal» — a festive and/or fraternal greeting given at Christmas time. The same entry records the other sense, which is not a figure of speech: Feliz Natal is a MUNICIPALITY in the state of Mato Grosso.
  5. Papai Noel — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«Papai Noel (português brasileiro) ou Pai Natal (português europeu)… é uma figura lendária originária da cultura cristã ocidental que, segundo a lenda, traz presentes durante o final da noite e durante a noite da véspera de Natal.» The article gives the descent from São Nicolau through Sinterklaas and New Amsterdam, and the nineteenth-century American consolidation of the familiar image. The midnight opening is from the ceia custom above and its source; «Papai Noel» is the Brazilian form and «Pai Natal» the European one, which is the same split as the greeting.
  6. Verão — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«O 'verão austral' tem início com o solstício de verão do hemisfério sul, que acontece cerca de 21 de dezembro, e finda com o equinócio de outono, por volta de 20 de março nesse mesmo hemisfério.» pt:Hemisfério sul puts it the same way from the other direction: «o verão vai de dezembro a fevereiro (inclusive) e o inverno vai de junho a agosto». The arithmetic — 25 December minus a solstice on or about the 21st — is this project's, and it is subtraction rather than a claim.
  7. Missa do Galo — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«A expressão 'Missa do Galo' é própria dos países de tradição latina, especialmente Portugal, Espanha, França e Brasil… Uma das mais difundidas afirma que, à meia-noite do Natal, um galo teria cantado de forma extraordinária para anunciar o nascimento do Messias… Outra tradição, de origem espanhola, especialmente da região de Toledo, relata que os lavradores sacrificavam um galo antes da meia-noite.» The move to the early evening is from the Porto Alegre city glossary: «O padre, já sem o canto do galo, para não perder também os fiéis e as delícias da ceia, prudentemente antecipa o horário da missa para as 18, 19 ou 20 horas do dia 24 de dezembro.»
  8. Amigo secreto — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«Amigo secreto, (também conhecido como amigo oculto, amigo X, ou amigo invisível) é uma brincadeira tradicional das festividades de fim de ano… Para evitar situações injustas ou desiguais, costuma-se combinar, antecipadamente» a price. The Latin etymology and the secretária observation are from the Porto Alegre city glossary, «Bruster, chester, peru e outros nomes» by Ari Riboldi, on the Prefeitura de Porto Alegre's Natal site. The pt article is 932 characters and gives no origin for the custom. Where it came from is NOT established here and is not guessed at.
  9. Presépio — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«O primeiro presépio vivo, atribuído a São Francisco de Assis, surgiu em 1223 na cidade italiana de Greccio… Presépios e tradições distintas foram criados em todo o mundo e são exibidos durante a época natalina em igrejas, casas, shoppings e outros locais.» The Brazilian prominence is from the English omnibus: «In addition to the Christmas tree, many families set up a presépio (nativity scene) as the main decoration. Nativity scenes are very popular in Brazil, and can be seen everywhere.»
  10. Folia de Reis — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«A denominação fala dos festejos entre o natal e o Dia de Reis – 6 de janeiro – e diz respeito tanto ao 'cortejo de pedintes, cantando versos religiosos ou humorísticos, como os autos sacros'», in the definition of the folklorist Câmara Cascudo. The clowns, the staves, the whistle and the thrown coins are described in the same article. Renato Almeida calls it «o folguedo brasileiro de maior significação estética e social». The origin is contested and the page says so rather than choosing — see the corrections.
  11. Rabanada — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«As rabanadas são um doce tipicamente do Natal e fazem parte de muitas mesas da consoada em Portugal, e em várias ceias do Brasil.» And: «No Brasil elas são cozidas especialmente para a temporada natalina, em que, logo depois da fritura, a rabanada é molhada em sumo de fruta ou leite condensado.» The article also gives the older Portuguese names — fatia dourada, fatia parida, fatia de ovo.
  12. Panetone — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«O panetone chegou ao Brasil como influência dos imigrantes italianos, que entre o final do século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX, atravessaram o Atlântico em busca de oportunidades na América do Sul. Na indústria, a primeira marca a produzir e comercializar o panetone no Brasil foi a empresa Bauducco, fundada pelo ítalo-brasileiro Carlo Bauducco. A produção do panetone da Bauducco foi iniciada em meados de 1950 e a marca foi a responsável por ajudar a popularizar o produto pelo país e criando outras variedades, como o Chocotone.»
  13. Décimo terceiro salário — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«Instituído no Governo João Goulart por meio da Lei 4.090, de 13 de julho de 1962, regulamentada pelo Decreto 57.155, de 3 de novembro de 1965 e alterações posteriores. Deve ser paga ao empregado em até duas parcelas até o fim do ano, no valor corresponde a um doze avos (1/12) da remuneração para cada mês trabalhado. O pagamento deve ser feito como referência ao mês de dezembro.» The claim that it shapes December commerce is NOT in the source and is not made on the page as a sourced fact — the page says what the law is and lets the reader draw it.
  14. Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«Fundada no Natal de 1599, às margens do Rio Potengi… a cidade foi ocupada por holandeses entre 1633 e 1654, período no qual foi denominada de Nova Amsterdã.» The Mato Grosso municipality is from the Wikcionário entry for the greeting itself: «Feliz Natal, próprio, masculino (Município do estado de Mato Grosso)».
  15. Farofa — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«Farofa (do quimbundo falofa) é a farinha de mandioca ou farinha de milho escaldadas ou torradas, geralmente passadas na gordura ou na manteiga… É um prato bastante popular no Brasil.» Its presence on the Christmas table specifically is from the English omnibus, which lists «farofa stuffing» in the Christmas meal. The sentence about who carried the word is the etymology stated plainly and nothing more; the article says «do quimbundo» and does not narrate the route.
  16. Natal — Wikipédia (Portuguese). Retrieved 2026-10-11.«No Brasil, é uma tradição que só se tornou comercialmente popular nos anos 1990, com o CD 25 de Dezembro lançado pela cantora Simone: 'Ao lançar, no ano passado, o disco natalino 25 de Dezembro, a cantora Simone quebrou um tabu. Ao contrário do que ocorre nos Estados Unidos e na Europa, os cantores brasileiros não têm o costume de lançar, no mês de dezembro, discos com músicas de Natal'. Canções internacionais como Jingle Bells e Silent Night ganharam traduções para o português.»